Klippel-Feil syndrome cases from Slovakia

This study analyzes two probable cases of Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS) from the region of modern Slovakia and provides an overview of possible cases reported in 'grey' literature.

Two adult skeletons with probable KFS from Vráble-Veľké Lehemby and Radoľa-Koscelisko.

Macroscopic analysis was performed using standard osteological methods.

The two analyzed skeletons represent probable cases of KFS; one from the Neolithic, and one from the Middle Ages. Additional cases of potential KFS have been indicated within the 'grey' literature.

The study shows that KFS was present in prehistoric eastern Central Europe. The few cases of ancient rare diseases may be a result of past and present bioarcheological research, and many cases are hidden within 'grey' literature. A re-examination of older datasets is vital.

The described cases from modern Slovakia contributes to a limited list of archaeological cases, thus widening our knowledge about the occurrence of this rare condition throughout Europe in the past.

The state of past and present osteo-archaeological research in eastern Central Europe, poor preservation of some remains, and lack of pathognomonic features associated with KFS.

Systematic review of older skeletal assemblages and 'grey' literature.