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Endogenous retroviruses in the origins and treatment of cancer

Natasha Jansz1, Geoffrey J Faulkner2,3

  • 1Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia. natasha.jansz@mater.uq.edu.au.

Genome Biology
|May 11, 2021
PubMed

Insights

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are ancient viral remnants now recognized as key regulators in development and immunity. Their aberrant activation in cancer offers novel therapeutic targets, particularly for immunotherapy.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are remnants of ancient viral infections integrated into host genomes.
  • ERV-derived elements regulate gene expression critical for development and immune responses.
  • ERV activation, known as viral mimicry, can trigger interferon responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of ERVs in biological processes.
  • To explore the link between ERV expression and diseases, including cancer.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting ERVs in cancer treatment, especially for immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of endogenous retroviruses.
  • Analysis of ERV roles in development and innate immunity.
  • Examination of ERV involvement in tumorigenesis and disease pathology.

Main Results:

  • ERVs are co-opted in normal development and innate immunity.
  • Aberrant ERV expression is linked to cancer development.
  • ERV-mediated inflammation shows potential for sensitizing tumors to immunotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • ERVs play significant roles in both normal physiology and disease.
  • Targeting ERVs presents a promising strategy for cancer therapy and immunotherapy enhancement.

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