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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

864
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

1.4K
NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
1.4K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

2.4K
All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
2.4K
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

922
The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
922
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

1.5K
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
1.5K
Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop01:16

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

5.6K
Consider a circular loop with a radius a, that carries a current I. The magnetic field due to the current at an arbitrary point P along the axis of the loop can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Spin-polarized oxygen evolution reaction under magnetic field.

Xiao Ren1,2, Tianze Wu1,2,3, Yuanmiao Sun2

  • 1Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.

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|May 11, 2021
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Ferromagnetic catalysts enhance water-splitting

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for water-splitting but is limited by low energy efficiency.
  • Understanding the spin-polarized kinetics of OER is essential for catalyst design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the enhancement of OER using ferromagnetic catalysts as spin polarizers.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of spin-polarized kinetics in OER.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ferromagnetic catalysts under a constant magnetic field to induce spin selection.
  • Analyzed the electron transfer steps and spin dynamics during OER.

Main Results:

  • Ferromagnetic catalysts significantly enhanced OER, while non-ferromagnetic catalysts showed no enhancement.
  • Spin polarization was identified at the first electron transfer step via coherent spin exchange.
  • Subsequent electron transfers followed Hund's rule and the Pauli exclusion principle, leading to triplet O2 generation.

Conclusions:

  • Spin-polarized kinetics can promote OER, offering a new avenue for catalyst design.
  • The study provides insights into spin-dependent catalysis for efficient water-splitting.