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This study tracked prosocial behavior and aggression in children from infancy to age 7. Findings show these behaviors diverge over time, with gender differences emerging later in development.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Child Psychology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Theories on infant nature often focus on either prosocial or aggressive tendencies.
  • Few studies have jointly examined the parallel development of prosocial behavior and aggression in the same cohort.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To chart the parallel development of prosocial behavior and aggression from infancy through childhood.
  • To investigate the relationship between these behaviors across different social contexts and over time.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal study (Cardiff Child Development Study) followed 332 mothers and their firstborn children.
  • Data collected via direct observation, experimental tasks, and reports from parents, relatives, and teachers at ages 6 months, 1, 1.5, 2.5, and 7 years.
  • Interactions with familiar and unfamiliar peers were observed in various settings.

Main Results:

  • Prosocial behavior and aggression showed stability from ages 1.5 to 7 years.
  • The association between prosocial behavior and aggression shifted from unrelated at 1.5 years to negatively correlated by 3 years.
  • Positive correlations between prosocial behavior and aggression emerged with unfamiliar peers, suggesting a sociability factor.

Conclusions:

  • Individual differences in prosocial behavior and aggression show continuity but gradually disaggregate over time.
  • Gender differences in prosocial behavior emerged earlier than in aggression.
  • Early aggressive behavior and lack of empathy predicted later conduct or oppositional-defiant disorders.