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Related Concept Videos

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Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is characterized by an intense fear of social situations where one might face humiliation, rejection, embarrassment, or negative evaluation. This disorder leads individuals to avoid activities like casual conversations, public speaking, or seemingly simple tasks such as eating, signing documents, or swimming, in public settings. Its impact extends beyond discomfort, often significantly interfering with daily functioning and quality of life.
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Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
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Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theories emphasize the potential for self-realization and the importance of addressing social and cultural, rather than biological, factors in personality development. She challenged traditional Freudian views, particularly Freud's concept of "penis envy," which she argued stemmed from cultural influences rather than inherent biological differences. Horney believed that any sense of inferiority in women was a result of societal conditioning, such as...
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Coping strategies are methods people use to manage, tolerate, or reduce the effects of stressors. These strategies involve both behavioral and psychological actions to handle stressful situations. One common approach is problem-focused coping, which aims to change or eliminate the source of stress rather than merely addressing its consequences. This method involves taking direct action to resolve the issue causing stress.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
07:26

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

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Shifting as a key executive function underlying cognitive restructuring for individuals with elevated social anxiety.

Lauren J Holder1, Ashni Prasad1, Jin Han2

  • 1School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.

Psychology and Psychotherapy
|May 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Poor shifting ability in adults with social anxiety is linked to difficulty generating alternative thoughts during cognitive restructuring. This suggests clinicians should assess shifting ability and offer targeted support, like Socratic questioning, to improve cognitive restructuring outcomes.

Keywords:
cognitive behavioural therapycognitive flexibilitycognitive restructuringexecutive functionsshiftingsocial anxiety

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Last Updated: Nov 6, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Executive functions are crucial for cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).
  • Previous research on executive functions and CBT used older adults and non-emotional stimuli.
  • This study investigates shifting ability in young to middle-aged adults with social anxiety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the relationship between the executive function of shifting and cognitive restructuring in adults with elevated social anxiety.
  • To assess shifting ability using both non-emotional and emotional stimuli.
  • To determine if shifting ability predicts performance on cognitive restructuring tasks.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study with 49 participants.
  • Utilized the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and an emotional WCST (eWCST) to measure shifting ability (perseverative errors).
  • Assessed cognitive restructuring performance, including thought quality, belief change, and anxiety during a speech task.

Main Results:

  • Higher perseverative errors on the standard WCST (poorer shifting) predicted a lower ability to generate helpful alternative thoughts.
  • Standard WCST performance did not predict other cognitive restructuring outcomes.
  • Emotional WCST performance did not predict any cognitive restructuring outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • The standard WCST may effectively measure the mental flexibility needed for cognitive restructuring.
  • Poorer shifting ability with non-emotional stimuli may impair alternative thought generation in social anxiety.
  • Clinicians should consider assessing and supporting shifting ability in clients struggling with cognitive restructuring.