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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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Citrate Stabilizes Hydroxylapatite Precursors: Implications for Bone Mineralization.

Encarnacion Ruiz-Agudo1, Cristina Ruiz-Agudo2, Fulvio Di Lorenzo1,3

  • 1Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18071, Spain.

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
|May 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Citrate stabilizes early calcium phosphate precursors, influencing bone mineralization before solid formation. This explains citrate

Keywords:
amorphous calcium phosphatecalcium phosphatecitrateliquid-like precursorprenucleation species

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Area of Science:

  • Biomineralization
  • Materials Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Bone mineralization involves hydroxylapatite (HAp) formation via nonclassical crystallization.
  • The role of small organic molecules like citrate in HAp formation is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of citrate on HAp precursor stabilization and formation.
  • To elucidate citrate's influence on early stages of bone mineralization.

Main Methods:

  • Potentiometric titration experiments
  • Titration calorimetry
  • Multianalytical approach

Main Results:

  • Citrate stabilizes prenucleation species and a liquid-like calcium phosphate precursor.
  • Citrate enhances collagen-mediated mineralization by facilitating precursor infiltration.
  • HAp formation from amorphous calcium phosphate yields citrate-influenced nanoplates with preferred orientation.

Conclusions:

  • Citrate impacts bone mineralization at very early stages, prior to solid phase precipitation.
  • The observed nanoplate morphology mimics bone HAp nanocrystals, suggesting an amorphous precursor pathway.
  • Findings challenge existing HAp mineralization models and highlight citrate's crucial role.