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Emotional labeling is a cognitive process that involves identifying and naming one's emotions, such as anger, fear, happiness, or sadness. It allows individuals to recognize and express their internal emotional states, a critical aspect of emotional regulation and communication. Labeling emotions requires more than mere recognition; it also involves drawing upon memory and contextual cues to understand the current situation and apply a corresponding emotional label. For instance, feeling...
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Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which emphasizes the interplay between physiological arousal and cognitive labeling in forming emotional experiences. This theory suggests that emotions are not simply a result of physiological responses but rather a combination of these responses and the individual's cognitive interpretation of them.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content
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Searching for emotional salience.

Augustus L Baker1, Minwoo Kim1, James E Hoffman1

  • 1University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.

Cognition
|May 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Physical salience, not just emotional content, influences attention capture in emotion induced blindness (EIB). When distractors are physically similar to backgrounds, the EIB effect significantly decreases, challenging current theories.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Emotion induced blindness (EIB) impairs target awareness when emotional distractors precede targets.
  • Current EIB theories emphasize emotional salience as the primary driver of attention capture.
  • Physical differences between emotional distractors and background images may also contribute to attention capture.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of physical salience in attention capture within the EIB paradigm.
  • To compare the EIB effect using dissimilar versus similar background stimuli.
  • To challenge existing EIB theories by examining the influence of physical characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of a typical EIB paradigm with dissimilar backgrounds to a modified version with similar backgrounds (people/animals).
Keywords:
Attention captureAutomaticityEmotion induced blindnessPhysical salience

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  • Participants searched for a target picture in rapidly presented sequences containing emotional distractors.
  • A control experiment assessed emotional information availability using a salient cue.

    • Main Results:

    • The EIB effect was significantly reduced or eliminated when background images were physically similar to emotional distractors.
    • Emotional information remained accessible, as evidenced by the restoration of the blink when the emotional picture was cued.
    • Findings indicate that physical salience plays a crucial role in initial attention capture.

    Conclusions:

    • Initial attention capture in EIB is not solely driven by emotional salience but is also influenced by physical salience.
    • The physical dissimilarity of distractors is a key factor in producing robust EIB effects.
    • Current EIB theories require revision to incorporate the role of physical characteristics in attention capture.