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NAFLD and Infection, a Nuanced Relationship.

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a systemic condition linked to increased infection risk. This review explores NAFLD

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Metabolic Syndrome

Background:

  • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence is rising globally, associated with obesity and type II diabetes mellitus.
  • NAFLD is increasingly a leading cause for liver transplantation and recognized as a systemic disease.
  • Extrahepatic manifestations of NAFLD are well-documented, affecting multiple organs through chronic inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current knowledge on the association between NAFLD and various infections.
  • To explore the proposed mechanisms linking NAFLD to increased susceptibility to infections.
  • To review specific infections including urinary tract infections, pneumonia, H. pylori, COVID-19, and C. difficile in NAFLD patients.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a narrative review.
  • It synthesizes existing literature on NAFLD and infection risk.
  • The review covers proposed pathogenic mechanisms and specific infection types.

Main Results:

  • NAFLD patients may face a higher risk of developing various infections.
  • Proposed mechanisms include hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, immune dysfunction, obesity, vitamin D deficiency, and gut microbiota alterations.
  • Specific infections discussed include UTI, pneumonia, H. pylori, COVID-19, C. difficile, and hidradenitis suppurativa.

Conclusions:

  • NAFLD is associated with an increased risk of infections, potentially through multiple metabolic and immune pathways.
  • Understanding these links is crucial for managing NAFLD patients and preventing infectious complications.
  • Further research into the gut microbiota's role may offer novel therapeutic targets.