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Related Concept Videos

Cross-reactivity

Cross-reactivity

Feedback Loops

Feedback Loops

In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.

Feedback Inhibition

Feedback Inhibition

Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!

Contact-dependent Signaling

Contact-dependent Signaling

Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
Gap Junctions
In animal cells, gap junctions are formed...

Chi-square Analysis

Chi-square Analysis

The chi-square test is a statistical hypothesis test. It is used to check whether there is a significant difference between an expected value and an observed value. In the context of genetics, it enables us to either accept or reject a hypothesis, based on how much the observed values deviate from the expected values.
The chi-square test was developed by Pearson in 1990.
The first step of performing a Chi-square analysis is to establish a null hypothesis, which assumes that there is no real...

Communication

Communication

Communication between two animals occurs when one animal transmits an information signal that causes a change in the animal that receives the information. Organisms communicate with one another in a host of different ways. Signals can be auditory, chemical, visual, tactile, or a combination of these. Communication is a critical behavioral adaptation that promotes survival, growth, and reproduction.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

Imaging Ca2+ Responses During Shigella Infection of Epithelial Cells

Imaging Ca²⁺ Responses During Shigella Infection of Epithelial Cells

Published on: May 24, 2018

Reply to H. Shojima et al

Kate Absolom¹, Lorraine Warrington¹, Eleanor Hudson¹

¹Kate Absolom, PhD, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Lorraine Warrington, PhD, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; Eleanor Hudson, MSc, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Jenny Hewison, PhD, MSc, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Patricia Holch, PhD, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom, Psychology Group, School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom; Bryony Dawkins, MSc, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Claire Hulme, MA, PhD, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, United Kingdom; Julia Brown, MSc, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Galina Velikova, MD, PhD, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.

Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology

|May 12, 2021

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

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