Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

1.7K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
1.7K
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

78.8K
Overview
78.8K
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

6.7K
Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
6.7K
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

1.2K
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
1.2K
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

79.3K
Overview
79.3K
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

14.6K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
14.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

4-1BBL on monocyte lineage cells rather than on classical dendritic cells drives CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell accumulation in the respiratory tract and protects from severe respiratory influenza infection.

Mucosal immunology·2026
Same author

Serological Benefit of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Relative to Infection in Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Pediatric blood & cancer·2026
Same author

Mucosal viral infection elicits long-lived IgA responses via type 1 follicular helper T cells.

Cell·2025
Same author

Guidelines for T cell nomenclature.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2025
Same author

Reduced vaccine-induced germinal center outputs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with anti-TNF biologics.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2025
Same author

STING agonists drive recruitment and intrinsic type I interferon responses in monocytic lineage cells for optimal anti-tumor immunity.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages
10:33

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Published on: October 25, 2017

10.9K

Stepping up Th1 immunity to control phagosomal bacteria.

Tania H Watts1

  • 1Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.

Trends in Immunology
|May 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The immune system specifically enhances type 1 T helper (Th1) cell responses against Salmonella enterica (SE) infections, not influenza A virus (IAV). This interleukin-12 (IL-12) driven expansion of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) high Th1 cells provides better protection against SE.

Keywords:
CX3CR1IL-12T helper cellsZEB2cytotoxic CD4 T cellsphagosomal pathogens

More Related Videos

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells
11:39

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells

Published on: January 13, 2016

12.1K
Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages
08:06

Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages

Published on: March 10, 2014

14.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages
10:33

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Published on: October 25, 2017

10.9K
T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells
11:39

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells

Published on: January 13, 2016

12.1K
Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages
08:06

Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages

Published on: March 10, 2014

14.6K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • The immune system must adapt its response based on the type of pathogen encountered.
  • Understanding how specific immune cell populations are generated and function is crucial for developing effective vaccines and therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the immune system differentiates responses to distinct pathogens, specifically Salmonella enterica (SE) and influenza A virus (IAV).
  • To identify the mechanisms driving the expansion and functional specialization of type 1 T helper (Th1) cells in response to different infections.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of immune responses in mouse models infected with SE and IAV.
  • Flow cytometry and gene expression analysis to characterize T helper cell populations.
  • Investigating the role of cytokines like IL-12 and transcription factors like ZEB2.

Main Results:

  • Salmonella enterica (SE) infection, unlike influenza A virus (IAV) infection, induces a significant expansion of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) high type 1 T helper (Th1) cells.
  • This SE-induced Th1 cell outgrowth is dependent on interleukin-12 (IL-12).
  • A subset of these Th1 cells are identified as ZEB2-dependent cytotoxic Th1 cells expressing CX3CR1, which are crucial for protection against the intracellular pathogen SE.

Conclusions:

  • The immune system exhibits pathogen-specific tailoring of effector T cell responses.
  • IL-12 signaling is critical for generating protective IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells against SE.
  • ZEB2-dependent cytotoxic Th1 cells represent a specialized effector population important for controlling Salmonella infections.