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Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Measuring the Subjective Value of Risky and Ambiguous Options using Experimental Economics and Functional MRI Methods
Published on: September 19, 2012
Common coding of expected value and value uncertainty memories in the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia output
Ali Ghazizadeh1,2, Okihide Hikosaka3,4
1Bio-intelligence Research Unit, Electrical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran. alieghazizadeh@gmail.com.
Abstract:
Recent evidence implicates both basal ganglia and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) in encoding value memories. However, comparative roles of cortical and basal nodes in value memory are not well understood. Here, single-unit recordings in vlPFC and substantia nigra reticulata (SNr), within macaque monkeys, revealed a larger value signal in SNr that was nevertheless correlated with and had a comparable onset to the vlPFC value signal. The value signal was maintained for many objects (>90) many weeks after reward learning and was resistant to extinction in both regions and to repetition suppression in vlPFC. Both regions showed comparable granularity in encoding expected value and value uncertainty, which was paralleled by enhanced gaze bias during free viewing. The value signal dynamics in SNr could be predicted by combining responses of vlPFC neurons according to their value preferences consistent with a scheme in which cortical neurons reached SNr via direct and indirect pathways.
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