The role of three-dimensional computed tomography in the management of maxillofacial trauma

Open reduction and internal fixation of facial fractures demand a detailed understanding of the three-dimensional pattern of injury. This is difficult if not impossible to obtain with present radiographic methods. The purpose of this study was to define the role of three-dimensional computerized tomography (3DCT) in surgical management of facial fractures. The two-part investigation: 1) compared the diagnostic accuracy of 3DCT with conventional CT and plain film studies; and 2) examined the clinical usefulness of 3DCT to surgeons. Twenty-four acute trauma patients suspected of having facial fractures were examined radiographically with analysis of every facial bone and specific facial regions. Particular attention was directed to the course of the fracture lines and the number, size, and displacement of fracture fragments. The surgeons were then asked to conceptualize the reported and the personally observed radiographic information and document their impressions on preprinted diagrams of the facial skeleton. They also completed questionnaires designed to indicate whether patient management would be influenced by the 3DCT. The radiographic findings were correlated with intraoperative observations. The 3DCT provided superior definition of fracture lines (especially horizontal) and the extent of comminution was better appreciated. This additional information improved the surgeons' ability to plan placement of interfragmentary wires and/or plates. Surgeons were also able to more accurately predict those patients requiring immediate bone grafting. Large, life-size 3D images of the facial skeleton made intraoperative conceptualization of the injury pattern easier. The accuracy of the 3DCT images corroborated the intraoperative findings in all cases. The following conclusions are offered: 1) The diagnosis of most mandibular fractures can be made equally well with conventional and 3DCT techniques. 2) Improved diagnosis of fracture lines and the specific patterns of comminution in midface fractures is made possible with 3DCT. 3) If open reduction and internal fixation is the mode of treatment, 3DCT is desirable because the added information makes preoperative planning more accurate and thereby facilitates surgical intervention.