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Related Concept Videos

Instrument Transformers01:23

Instrument Transformers

205
Instrument transformers, comprising voltage transformers (VTs) and current transformers (CTs), play crucial roles in power substations by providing isolated replicas of current or voltage for measurement and protection purposes. Voltage transformers reduce the primary voltage to levels suitable for relay operation and measurement, while current transformers scale down the primary current. The primary winding of a current transformer often consists of a single turn, achieved by threading the...
205
Three-Winding Transformers01:19

Three-Winding Transformers

355
Three identical single-phase transformers can be configured to form a three-phase transformer connection, which involves high-voltage and low-voltage windings. The high-voltage windings are denoted by capital letters A-B-C, while the low-voltage windings are labeled with lowercase letters a-b-c, representing their respective phases. This notation helps distinguish between the high and low voltage sides of the transformer.
In the per-unit equivalent circuit of a grounded Y-Y three-phase...
355
Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:25

Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

286
In electrical power systems, understanding the capacitance of transmission lines is fundamental for efficient operation.
Single-Phase Lines
Consider a single-phase, two-wire transmission line with equal phase spacing energized by a voltage source. One conductor carries a uniform positive charge, while the other carries an equal negative charge. The capacitance C of the line can be derived from the voltage V between the conductors. For a one-meter section of the line, the capacitance is given...
286
Per-Unit Sequence Models01:26

Per-Unit Sequence Models

189
An ideal Y-Y transformer, grounded through neutral impedances, displays per-unit sequence networks akin to those of a single-phase ideal transformer when subjected to balanced positive- or negative-sequence currents. These currents do not produce neutral currents, and their associated voltage drops.
Zero-sequence currents, which are identical in magnitude and phase, generate a neutral current, resulting in voltage drops across the neutral impedance and the low-voltage winding. If the...
189
Capacitor in an AC Circuit01:23

Capacitor in an AC Circuit

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A capacitor is charged by passing an electric current through it, which causes the plates to start accumulating an electrostatic charge. Since the strength of the charging current is maximum when the capacitor plates are uncharged and gradually decreases exponentially until the capacitor is fully charged, the charging process is neither instantaneous nor linear. The property of a capacitor to store a charge on its plates is called its capacitance.
Consider a purely capacitive circuit consisting...
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Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

334
Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Electric and Magnetic Field Devices for Stimulation of Biological Tissues
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All-fiber high-voltage capacitor unbalanced current transformer.

Jun Zhao, Shengguo Xu, Xiaohan Sun

    Applied Optics
    |May 13, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new fiber optical filter unbalanced current transformer (FU-FOCT) offers accurate high-voltage measurements. Integrated temperature sensing ensures real-time correction, meeting stringent class 0.2% error limits.

    Area of Science:

    • Electrical Engineering
    • Optical Sensing
    • Power Systems

    Background:

    • High-voltage capacitors exhibit unbalanced current characteristics.
    • Accurate measurement of small currents in high-voltage systems is challenging.
    • Temperature fluctuations can affect the performance of current transformers.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a novel fiber optical filter unbalanced current transformer (FU-FOCT).
    • To integrate real-time temperature correction capabilities into the FU-FOCT.
    • To evaluate the performance characteristics of the developed FU-FOCT prototype.

    Main Methods:

    • Design and integration of an all-fiber temperature sensor utilizing the temperature birefringence effect of polarization-maintaining fiber.
    • Development of a FU-FOCT prototype with a rated current of 1 A and a rated voltage of 258 kV.

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  • Comprehensive testing of accuracy, temperature response, and frequency response characteristics.

    • Main Results:

    • The FU-FOCT prototype demonstrated minimal ratio error ($-0.042\% - 0.08\%$) and phase error ($-0.16^\prime - 0.18^\prime$) at 1 A.
    • Performance was maintained within the temperature range of $-40^\circ {\rm C} - 70^\circ {\rm C}$.
    • The achieved accuracy meets the strict requirements of class 0.2% specified in GB/T 20840.8-2007.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel FU-FOCT with integrated temperature sensing provides accurate and reliable unbalanced current measurements in high-voltage applications.
    • The device's performance is stable across a wide temperature range, addressing a key limitation of conventional transformers.
    • This technology offers a promising solution for enhancing the monitoring and control of high-voltage power systems.