Environmental Source Tracking of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances within a Forensic Context: Current and Future...

Area of Science:

• Environmental Forensics
• Environmental Chemistry
• Analytical Chemistry

Background:

• Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants.
• Accurate source tracking of PFAS is essential for effective environmental remediation and risk assessment.
• Existing methods for PFAS source identification require further development for greater confidence.

Purpose of the Study:

• To define and advance the subfield of PFAS source tracking within environmental forensics.
• To outline the necessary analytical measurements, multivariate analyses, and conceptual site model frameworks.
• To identify current tools and future developments needed for reliable PFAS source identification and apportionment.

Main Methods:

• Utilizing analytical measurements to identify and characterize PFAS.
• Applying multivariate analyses, including machine learning techniques (unsupervised and supervised).
• Integrating knowledge of PFAS fate and transport within a conceptual site model framework.

Main Results:

• Converging lines of evidence for source differentiation include unique PFAS associations, homologue/class/isomer ratios, and hydrogeochemical conditions.
• Advancements in analytical standards and high-resolution mass spectral data will improve capabilities.
• Multivariate computational tools offer potential for novel insights and targeted PFAS identification.

Conclusions:

• PFAS source tracking requires a multidisciplinary approach combining analytical chemistry, environmental science, and data analysis.
• Future developments in analytical techniques and computational tools are key to enhancing confidence in PFAS source apportionment.
• Establishing robust PFAS source tracking methodologies is critical for managing environmental contamination.