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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Schemas are cognitive structures that provide a framework for interpreting and organizing social information. They help individuals navigate complex environments by offering expectations about people, events, and behaviors. Schemas influence attention, encoding, and retrieval processes, thereby shaping the entire trajectory of information processing in social contexts.Attention and Cognitive LoadDuring initial attention, schemas function as filters that prioritize schema-consistent information,...
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Encoding01:19

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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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Understanding Memory01:19

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Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
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Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 5, 2025

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
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Impact of processing demands at encoding, maintenance and retrieval in visual working memory.

Younes Adam Tabi1, Maria Raquel Maio1, Sean James Fallon2

  • 1Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Cognition
|May 13, 2021
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Summary

Working memory recall is impacted by retrieval cue demands, especially for older adults. Filtering information at encoding is effective, but ignoring distractions during maintenance or updating memory harms recall.

Keywords:
AgingFilteringMemory capacityMisbindingProcessing demands

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Aging Research

Background:

  • Working memory is crucial for cognitive tasks.
  • Limited research exists on how processing demands affect recall, especially across the lifespan.
  • Understanding these demands is key to explaining memory performance variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how processing demands at encoding, maintenance, and retrieval influence working memory recall.
  • To examine the interaction of these demands with age-related cognitive changes.
  • To determine if filtering abilities are independent across different working memory phases.

Main Methods:

  • Two delayed reproduction tasks were used to measure working memory recall fidelity.
  • Participants recalled item identity and location from an encoding display.
  • Experiments manipulated filtering demands at encoding, maintenance, and retrieval, including age-spanning cohorts.

Main Results:

  • Retrieval cue complexity significantly decreased identification accuracy.
  • Filtering irrelevant information at encoding was effective, but ignoring distractions during maintenance or updating memory impaired recall.
  • Older adults showed greater sensitivity to processing demands at encoding and increased set size.

Conclusions:

  • Working memory processing demands, particularly at retrieval, significantly impact recall accuracy.
  • Filtering, ignoring, and updating are dissociable cognitive processes within working memory.
  • Age influences susceptibility to processing demands, highlighting specific challenges for older adults in working memory tasks.