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Echo

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case,...

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Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Three-dimensional Optical-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy

Three-dimensional Optical-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy

Published on: May 3, 2011

Underwater acoustic source localization based on phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry.

Zhichao Liu, Liang Zhang, Heming Wei

|May 14, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents an underwater acoustic source localization system using improved phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR). The system achieves high-fidelity signal retrieval and 3D localization with approximately 2% error, showing potential for various underwater applications.

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Last Updated: Nov 5, 2025

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Wideband Optical Detector of Ultrasound for Medical Imaging Applications

Wideband Optical Detector of Ultrasound for Medical Imaging Applications

Published on: May 11, 2014

Area of Science:

Ocean Engineering
Acoustic Sensing
Optical Metrology

Background:

Accurate underwater acoustic source localization is critical for marine surveillance and resource management.
Existing methods face challenges in precision and real-time monitoring in complex underwater environments.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate an improved phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR) system for precise underwater acoustic source localization.
To demonstrate the system's capability for three-dimensional (3D) localization and its potential for practical applications.

Main Methods:

Utilizing 3D-printed materials with specific mechanical properties (high Poisson's ratio, low elastic modulus) integrated with single-mode optical fibers to form an L-shaped planar sensing array.
Employing an improved phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR) technique for high-fidelity acoustic wave signal retrieval.
Implementing the time difference of arrival (TDOA) algorithm to calculate signal time delays for source localization.

Main Results:

The proposed L-shaped sensing array effectively captured acoustic wave signals with high fidelity.
Experimental verification confirmed the system's feasibility for three-dimensional underwater acoustic source localization.
The system demonstrated a low measurement error of approximately 2% within the tested localization range.

Conclusions:

The improved φ-OTDR based system offers a promising solution for underwater acoustic source localization.
The system's accuracy and reliability support potential applications in underwater trajectory tracking, pipeline security, and coastal defense.
This technology advances underwater sensing capabilities for enhanced marine monitoring and security.