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Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Continuous-variable quantum key distribution coexisting with classical signals on few-mode fiber.

Hai Zhong, Shanhua Zou, Duan Huang

    Optics Express
    |May 14, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    Space-division multiplexing enables continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) to coexist with classical signals on few-mode fibers. This mitigates performance trade-offs, allowing for higher secret key rates in quantum communication systems.

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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum Communication
    • Optical Fiber Technologies
    • Information Security

    Background:

    • Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) offers compatibility with classical optical networks but faces performance trade-offs on single-mode fibers due to Raman scattering.
    • Space-division multiplexing (SDM) presents a potential solution for coexistence of CVQKD and classical signals on few-mode fibers (FMF).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the feasibility of CVQKD coexisting with classical signals on FMF.
    • To analyze the impact of noise sources in a weak coupling regime for FMF-based CVQKD.

    Main Methods:

    • Numerical simulations were employed to examine the performance of CVQKD coexisting with classical signals on FMF.
    • Analysis focused on noise sources including inter-mode crosstalk and differential group delay (DGD).
    • Channel wavelength management strategies were considered to suppress inter-mode four-wave-mixing.

    Main Results:

    • Inter-mode crosstalk and DGD were identified as primary noise contributors, with DGD potentially limiting high-speed FMF-based CVQKD.
    • Effective channel wavelength management is crucial for achieving positive secret key rates by mitigating four-wave-mixing.
    • CVQKD coexisting with high-power classical signals on FMF is feasible using standard components, enabling higher secret key rates.

    Conclusions:

    • CVQKD can feasibly coexist with classical signals on few-mode fibers, overcoming limitations of single-mode fiber systems.
    • The study provides insights into key parameters for FMF-based CVQKD system design and security analysis.
    • This research offers a potential guideline for practical, high-rate CVQKD integration within FMF infrastructure.