Process optimization for the supercritical carbondioxide extraction of lycopene from ripe grapefruit (Citrus...

In this study, an underutilized citrus family fruit named grapefruit was explored for the extraction of lycopene using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO₂) extraction technique. An experimental design was developed using response surface methodology to investigate the effect of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO₂) operating parameter viz., pressure, temperature, CO₂ flow rate, and extraction time on the extraction yield of lycopene yield from grapefruit. A total of 30 sets of experiments were conducted with six central points. The statistical model indicated that extraction pressure and extraction time individually, and their interaction, significantly affected the lycopene yield. The central composite design showed that the polynomial regression models developed were in agreement with the experimental results, with R² of 0.9885. The optimum conditions for extraction of lycopene from grapefruit were 305 bar pressure, 35 g/min CO₂ flow rate, 135 min of extraction time, and 70 °C temperature.