Gene therapy in PIDs, hemoglobin, ocular, neurodegenerative, and hemophilia B disorders

A new approach is adopted to treat primary immunodeficiency disorders, such as the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID; e.g., adenosine deaminase SCID [ADA-SCID] and IL-2 receptor X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency [SCID-X1]). The success, along with the feasibility of gene therapy, is undeniable when considering the benefits recorded for patients with different classes of diseases or disorders needing treatment, including SCID-X1 and ADA-SCID, within the last two decades. β-Thalassemia and sickle cell anemia are two prominent monogenic blood hemoglobin disorders for which a solution has been sought using gene therapy. For instance, transduced autologous CD34+ HSCs via a self-inactivating (SIN)-Lentivirus (LV) coding for a functional copy of the β-globin gene has become a feasible procedure. adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have found application in ocular gene transfer in retinal disease gene therapy (e.g., Leber's congenital amaurosis type 2), where no prior treatment existed. In neurodegenerative disorders, successes are now reported for cases involving metachromatic leukodystrophy causing severe cognitive and motor damage. Gene therapy for hemophilia also remains a viable option because of the amount of cell types that are capable of synthesizing biologically active FVIII and FIX following gene transfer using AAV vectors in vivo to correct hemophilia B (FIX deficiency), and it is considered an ideal target, as proven in preclinical studies. Recently, the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 gene-editing tool has taken a center stage in gene therapy research and is reported to be efficient and highly precise. The application of gene therapy to these areas has pushed forward the therapeutic clinical application.