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Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...

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Thermodynamics of a Two-Step Electroweak Phase Transition.

Lauri Niemi¹, Michael J Ramsey-Musolf^2,3,4, Tuomas V I Tenkanen⁵

¹Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.

Physical Review Letters

|May 14, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New physics beyond the standard model may cause a two-step electroweak phase transition. Nonperturbative lattice simulations reveal the first transition can be first order, differing from perturbative calculations.

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Area of Science:

Particle physics
Cosmology
Quantum field theory

Background:

The standard model of particle physics describes fundamental particles and forces.
Electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) is a crucial event in the early Universe.
The thermal history of EWSB may involve new physics beyond the standard model.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the thermodynamics of electroweak symmetry breaking with a real triplet extension.
Explore the possibility of a two-step electroweak phase transition.
Compare nonperturbative lattice simulation results with perturbative calculations.

Main Methods:

Utilize nonperturbative lattice simulations to study the thermodynamics.
Analyze a real triplet extension of the standard model.
Perform a comparison with two-loop perturbative calculations.

Main Results:

A two-step electroweak phase transition occurs in a narrow parameter space region.
The second transition is always first order.
The first transition is first order in a significant portion of the parameter space.
Significant discrepancies exist between nonperturbative and perturbative results.

Conclusions:

The real triplet extension allows for a two-step electroweak phase transition.
Nonperturbative methods are crucial for accurately describing the phase transitions.
Perturbative calculations show significant deviations from nonperturbative findings.