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Related Concept Videos

Fixed Action Patterns01:06

Fixed Action Patterns

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A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
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Mate Choice01:20

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Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
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Dosage Compensation02:50

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In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
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Lateralization01:28

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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Natural Selection and Mating Preferences01:06

Natural Selection and Mating Preferences

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The principle of natural selection posits that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This principle is closely intertwined with mating preferences, a key aspect of sexual selection, which evolutionary psychologists believe is driven by instincts to propagate one's genes. Such instincts significantly influence mating behaviors and preferences between genders.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks
08:51

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Sex Differences in Laterality Are Associated with Reproduction in Threespine Stickleback.

Stephanie McLean, Lesley J Morrell

    The American Naturalist
    |May 14, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Brain lateralization, or hemisphere specialization, varies with reproductive roles. In sticklebacks, caring males showed stronger brain lateralization than females, and parenting experience further increased male lateralization.

    Keywords:
    Gasterosteus aculeatuscerebral lateralizationparental carereproductionsex differencesvariation in laterality

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Behavioral Ecology
    • Evolutionary Biology

    Background:

    • Brain lateralization, the asymmetric processing of information by brain hemispheres, is a common trait across animal species.
    • Significant unexplained variation in lateralization exists, particularly between sexes, despite its known advantages.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relationship between laterality, reproductive behaviors, and mating/parenting experience in threespine sticklebacks.
    • To identify potential sources of variation in brain lateralization related to sex-specific roles.

    Main Methods:

    • Assessed directional biases in laterality in threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) during and outside the breeding season.
    • Compared laterality between sexes and correlated it with reproductive status and parenting experience in males.

    Main Results:

    • Males, the caring sex, exhibited stronger lateralization than females during the reproductive period.
    • Male lateralization decreased outside the breeding season.
    • Males with mating and parenting experience showed greater lateralization than inexperienced males.

    Conclusions:

    • Reproductive behaviors, including courtship, spawning, and parenting, are significant, previously unrecognized drivers of variation in brain lateralization.
    • Sex-specific fitness-related behaviors contribute to observed differences in laterality between males and females.