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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 5, 2025

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
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Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into induced hepatocytes: Cracking the Enigma code.

Matthias Rombaut1, Joost Boeckmans1, Robim M Rodrigues1

  • 1Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.

Journal of Hepatology
|May 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Scientists are generating functional human hepatocytes from somatic cells using direct reprogramming. This review details methods, transcription factors, and small molecules for induced hepatocytes (iHeps) to meet medical needs.

Keywords:
Direct hepatic reprogrammingbench-to-bedsideinduced hepatocytesliver-enriched transcription factor

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Last Updated: Nov 5, 2025

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Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Liver Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Primary human hepatocytes are crucial for pharmaceutical research but are scarce.
  • Induced hepatocytes (iHeps) offer a promising alternative, generated via direct cell reprogramming.
  • Direct conversion bypasses pluripotent stem cells, directly converting somatic cells to a hepatic fate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current reprogramming cocktails and techniques for generating induced hepatocytes (iHeps).
  • To highlight the role of liver-enriched transcription factors and small molecules in hepatogenic transdifferentiation.
  • To propose standards and criteria for in vitro iHep production for clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Ectopic expression of liver-enriched transcription factors in somatic cells.
  • Utilizing small molecules to facilitate hepatic transdifferentiation.
  • Reviewing various reprogramming cocktails and methodologies.

Main Results:

  • Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into iHeps is a rapidly advancing field.
  • Specific transcription factors and small molecules significantly influence conversion efficiency.
  • Current methods show promise but require optimization for clinical utility.

Conclusions:

  • Further optimization and standardization of iHep production are necessary for clinical translation.
  • Establishing minimal characterization criteria is essential for reliable iHep assessment.
  • Direct reprogramming holds significant potential for addressing the demand for functional human hepatocytes.