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Related Concept Videos

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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Cell size is a significant factor impacting cellular design, function, and fitness. There exists some internal coordination by which cells double their masses before division, thus, achieving homeostasis. Coordination between cell growth and proliferation depends on the checkpoints in between cell cycle phases. Loss of coordination or failure in the checkpoint mechanism can drive the cell to uncontrolled growth and loss of cellular function. Like dividing cells that coordinate cellular growth,...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Cell-cell Fusion of Genome Edited Cell Lines for Perturbation of Cellular Structure and Function
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Programmed cell fusion in development and homeostasis.

Yael Iosilevskii1, Benjamin Podbilewicz1

  • 1Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|May 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell fusion is vital for organism development and tissue repair, driven by EFF-1 and AFF-1 proteins. These fusogens also play roles in vesicle fission and phagosome sealing, highlighting their diverse functions.

Keywords:
AFF-1Caenorhabditis elegansCell-cell fusionEFF-1EndocytosisFertilizationMorphogenesisNeuron repairOrgan sculptingPhagocytosis

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Multicellular organism development involves complex tissue and organ formation through cell fusion.
  • Plasma membrane fusions merge cellular contents, essential for morphogenesis and tissue maintenance.
  • The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans utilizes cell fusions for embryonic development, structural refinement, and adult tissue repair.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse roles of cell fusion in multicellular organisms.
  • To discuss the function of EFF-1 and AFF-1 fusogens in various biological processes.
  • To highlight new findings on fusogen involvement in endocytic vesicle fission and phagosome sealing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cell fusion mechanisms.
  • Analysis of the roles of EFF-1 and AFF-1 proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans.
  • Examination of regulatory mechanisms controlling cell fusion.

Main Results:

  • Cell fusion is a fundamental process in development, tissue sculpting, and repair.
  • EFF-1 and AFF-1 are key fusogens orchestrating diverse membrane fusion events.
  • New evidence implicates EFF-1 and AFF-1 in endocytic vesicle fission and phagosome sealing.

Conclusions:

  • Cell fusion, regulated by fusogens like EFF-1 and AFF-1, is critical across an organism's lifespan.
  • The functions of these fusogens extend beyond plasma membrane fusion to include vesicle dynamics.
  • Precise spatiotemporal regulation ensures the correct execution of diverse fusion-dependent processes.