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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

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The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents01:26

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Positive inotropic agents are commonly used as the first line of treatment for heart failure. One such agent is digoxin, derived from the genus Digitalis, which has been known for centuries but effectively utilized since 1785. However, these cardiac glycosides can have potentially toxic effects due to their mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and increasing contractility. Digoxin is absorbed orally and distributed in various tissues, including the CNS. It has a long...
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Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers01:22

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β-adrenergic antagonists, commonly known as β-blockers, block the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (ADR). They have several beneficial effects in heart failure treatment. They reduce heart rate, the force of contraction, and cardiac muscle relaxation. They also slow the atrial-ventricular conduction rate and raise the threshold for arrhythmias. The concentration of β-blockers determines their effects on bronchodilation,...
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
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Snakebite Envenomation and Heart: Systematic Review.

Kiera Liblik1, Jin Byun2, Clara Saldarriaga3

  • 1Department of Medicine, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

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Snakebite envenomation can cause serious cardiac issues, including heart attack and arrest. Early screening using ECGs is vital for patients with systemic illness after a snakebite.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Toxicology
  • Tropical Medicine

Background:

  • Snakebite envenomation is a neglected tropical disease with significant morbidity and mortality.
  • Cardiovascular implications of snakebites are not well understood due to infrequent cardiotoxicity and limited data from remote areas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cardiovascular manifestations of snakebite envenomation.
  • To propose a screening algorithm for cardiac complications.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of 29 articles concerning cardiovascular involvement in snakebite envenomation was conducted.

Main Results:

  • Cardiovascular involvement in snakebites is rare but diverse, including myocardial infarction, ventricular dysfunction, hypotension, cardiac arrest, and myocarditis.
  • A significant percentage (24.39%) of cases with cardiovascular manifestations experienced severe outcomes like cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, malignant arrhythmias, or death.

Conclusions:

  • Early detection of cardiovascular involvement is crucial.
  • Clinical monitoring, physical examination, and electrocardiogram (ECG) are key for identifying cardiac issues in patients with systemic illness following snakebite.