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Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation
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The Child Emotion Facial Expression Set: A Database for Emotion Recognition in Children.

Juliana Gioia Negrão1, Ana Alexandra Caldas Osorio1, Rinaldo Focaccia Siciliano2

  • 1Developmental Disorders Program, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, Brazil.

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|May 17, 2021
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A new database of child facial expressions (ChildEFES) was created for studying emotion recognition in children. This resource aids research into neurodevelopmental disorders affecting facial emotion recognition.

Keywords:
child developmentemotionemotional recognitionface processingfacial expression

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Computer Vision

Background:

  • Developing a comprehensive photo and video database of facial emotion expressions in young children (ages 4-6).
  • Utilizing induced and posed expressions for seven universal emotions and a neutral state.
  • Employing rigorous assessment by independent judges with expertise in the Facial Action Coding System.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create the ChildEFES database for research on early childhood facial emotion recognition.
  • To provide a standardized resource for studying emotion recognition mechanisms.
  • To aid in understanding deficits in facial emotion recognition associated with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Collecting 3,668 facial expression stimuli from 132 children.
  • Two rounds of expert judge analysis using the Facial Action Coding System.
  • Achieving 100% agreement on 1,985 stimuli in the first round, followed by a second round with different judges.

Main Results:

  • The final ChildEFES database contains 1,381 stimuli from 124 children (59% girls).
  • Expert agreement yielded a Kappa index of 0.70 and 73% accuracy.
  • Happiness, disgust, and contempt showed the highest agreement; 4-year-olds demonstrated lower accuracy than 6-year-olds.

Conclusions:

  • The ChildEFES database is a valuable tool for advancing research on children's facial emotion recognition.
  • This resource can help elucidate the mechanisms underlying emotion recognition in early development.
  • Findings contribute to understanding facial emotion recognition deficits in various neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions.