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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Updated: Nov 5, 2025

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COVID-19 and hyperglycemia/diabetes.

Konstantinos Michalakis1, Ioannis Ilias2

  • 1Private Practice, Athens GR-11521, Greece.

World Journal of Diabetes
|May 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Early research linked type 2 diabetes mellitus to severe COVID-19 inflammation. New findings show hyperglycemia and pancreatic beta cell inflammation in COVID-19 can cause new-onset diabetes mellitus.

Keywords:
COVID-19DiabetesGlucoseHumansInflammationRisk factorsSARS-CoV-2

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A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Early coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) studies identified type 2 diabetes mellitus as a significant factor in disease severity.
  • Hyperglycemia, independent of diabetes status, emerged as an additional detrimental factor in COVID-19 patients.
  • Recent research indicates COVID-19 can directly cause pancreatic beta cell inflammation, leading to new-onset diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on the relationship between glycemia and COVID-19.
  • To elucidate the pathways and mechanisms through which COVID-19 impacts glucose metabolism and pancreatic function.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of studies investigating COVID-19 and glycemic control.
  • Analysis of proposed pathophysiological mechanisms linking viral infection to metabolic dysregulation.
  • Synthesis of findings on hyperglycemia, diabetes, and COVID-19 outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus exacerbates COVID-19's inflammatory response.
  • Hyperglycemia is independently associated with worse COVID-19 prognosis.
  • COVID-19 infection can induce pancreatic beta cell inflammation and new-onset diabetes mellitus.

Conclusions:

  • Glycemic dysregulation, including hyperglycemia and diabetes, significantly influences COVID-19 severity and outcomes.
  • COVID-19 poses a direct threat to pancreatic beta cell function, potentially causing new diabetes.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for managing diabetic and non-diabetic patients with COVID-19.