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Related Concept Videos

Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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The Beethoven Revolution: A Case Study in Selection by Consequence.

Ruth Anne Rehfeldt1, Stephanie Chan1, Brian Katz1

  • 1The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, 325 North Wells Street, Chicago, IL 60654 USA.

Perspectives on Behavior Science
|May 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a selectionist analysis of Ludwig van Beethoven's music, exploring its variation, selection, and transmission. Beethoven's music disseminated widely due to interlocking contingencies, promoting values of freedom and democracy.

Keywords:
BeethovenCultural cuspMetacontingencyMusicRelational respondingSelection

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Area of Science:

  • Musicology
  • Behavioral Science
  • Cultural Studies

Background:

  • Music functions as a pervasive cultural practice with diverse community roles.
  • Selection of music is influenced by individual, group, and societal contingencies.
  • Previous research analyzed contingencies in art, specifically the Mexican Muralist movement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a selectionist account of Ludwig van Beethoven's music on his 250th birth anniversary.
  • To explore the variation, selection, and transmission of Beethoven's music throughout his life and posthumously.
  • To analyze the sociopolitical influences on Beethoven's musical dissemination.

Main Methods:

  • A selectionist framework was applied to Beethoven's musical output.
  • Analysis examined the interplay of contingencies influencing music dissemination.
  • Exploration of relational processes enabling composition and symbolic meaning.

Main Results:

  • Beethoven's music dissemination resulted from interlocking contingencies, creating high demand.
  • Identified two levels of relational processes in music selection.
  • Highlighted Beethoven's capacity to compose masterpieces despite deafness.

Conclusions:

  • Beethoven's music selection is understood through a framework of variation, selection, and transmission.
  • His music's symbolic meaning promoted freedom and democracy across societies.
  • Interlocking contingencies drove the widespread demand and enduring legacy of Beethoven's music.