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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Language Development01:22

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Language01:16

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Components of Language01:24

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Involving Individuals with Developmental Language Disorder and Their Parents/Carers in Research Priority Setting
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Increasing diversity in research through dedicated language access services.

By Sadie Gabler1, Amanda Barrios1, Sariah Kakishita1

  • 1Office of Research Participant Advocacy (RPA), University of Utah, Research Administration Building Room 112, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States of America.

Contemporary Clinical Trials
|May 17, 2021
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Summary

Recruiting diverse participants for research is challenging. The University of Utah

Keywords:
Diversity in research studiesEquity in clinical trialsHealth literacyParticipant advocacy

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Area of Science:

  • Health Equity
  • Clinical Trial Recruitment
  • Research Participant Advocacy

Background:

  • Higher education and medical institutions face challenges in recruiting diverse participants for research studies and clinical trials.
  • Shifting U.S. demographics necessitate updated recruitment methods and participant information.
  • The University of Utah established the Office of Research Participant Advocacy (RPA) in 2008 to support research volunteers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe efforts by the RPA to improve recruitment and enrollment of diverse participants.
  • To ensure research information and documents meet the needs of diverse populations.
  • To promote equitable participation in research studies.

Main Methods:

  • The RPA provides oral and written language services to researchers.
  • Focus on aligning recruitment strategies with the needs of a diverse participant pool.
  • Ensuring informed consent processes are accessible to all individuals.

Main Results:

  • The RPA aims to increase participant diversity in research studies.
  • Efforts focus on providing congruent information and documents for research opportunities.
  • The office supports informed research participation for all individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing language and cultural barriers is crucial for equitable research participation.
  • The RPA's initiatives support diverse populations in clinical trials.
  • Adapting recruitment strategies is essential for inclusive research endeavors.