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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

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IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

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Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
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Soft Urinary Bladder Phantom for Endoscopic Training.

Eunjin Choi1,2, Frank Waldbillig3,4, Moonkwang Jeong1,2

  • 1Cyber Valley Research Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering
|May 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new soft bladder phantom, FlexBlad, enhances cystoscopy (CY) training for bladder cancer (BC) diagnosis. This realistic, dynamic model improves urologist skills across experience levels, proving valuable for endourological education.

Keywords:
CystoscopyEndourologyMedical educationOrgan phantomSurgical simulationTumor biopsy

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Medical Simulation
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Bladder cancer (BC) diagnosis relies on cystoscopy (CY), a procedure requiring specialized training.
  • Current training methods lack realistic anatomical and physiological bladder models, hindering effective skill development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a novel soft bladder phantom (FlexBlad) for realistic cystoscopy (CY) training.
  • To assess the phantom's anatomical accuracy, physiological properties, and educational impact on urologists.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of the FlexBlad phantom using 3D printing and multi-step molding to replicate bladder anatomy.
  • Engineering bladder wall thickness for tunable compliance (12.2-32.7 mL cmH2O⁻¹) and volume expansion (>300%).
  • Conducting a multi-center study with urologists of varying experience levels performing CY procedures on the phantom.

Main Results:

  • The FlexBlad phantom accurately mimics human bladder anatomy, including sub-millimeter blood vessels and reconfigurable tumors.
  • Successful simulation of endoscopic inspection and tumor biopsy procedures.
  • Learning curves demonstrated a positive training effect across all skill levels, validating the phantom's usability.

Conclusions:

  • The FlexBlad phantom is a valuable and versatile educational tool for endourological training in bladder cancer diagnosis and management.
  • Its dynamic features and realistic simulation capabilities significantly enhance cystoscopy (CY) training effectiveness.