Uterus transplant update: innovative fertility solutions and the widening horizons of bioengineering

Uterus transplantation (UTx) aimed at restoring fertility for women suffering from uterine factor infertility has been making significant strides over the past years, leading to the first successful outcome of live birth in 2014. Nonetheless, the ethical issues raised by such a procreative option are uniquely complex and multifaceted. UTx presents unique features, and the most significant risks it entails are the multiple surgeries required and the need for immunosuppressive drugs to prevent organ rejection. Post-transplantation immunosuppressive therapy, rejection monitoring, and immune tolerance are all crucial aspects That affect UTx outcomes and ensuing pregnancy success rates. In time, an alternative tool might become clinically available that could solve all those issues: tissue engineering relying on a combination of cells, biomaterials, and growth factors that harness the body's innate ability to regenerate and repair reproductive organs. Mastering such techniques could lead in the medium-long term to the creation of a bioengineered uterus for the purpose of transplantation, based on scaffolds derived from decellularized organs or tissues that can be recellularized by several types of autologous somatic/stem cells, in particular for uterine tissue engineering.