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Artificial shorelines lack natural structural complexity across scales.

Peter J Lawrence1, Ally J Evans2, Tim Jackson-Bué1

  • 1School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge LL59 5AB, UK.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|May 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Artificial coastal structures like seawalls and rock armour lack structural complexity compared to natural rocky shores. This simplification impacts biodiversity and ecosystem function, highlighting the need for more complex designs in coastal development.

Keywords:
coastal developmenthabitat complexityhuman impactsniche provisioningremote sensing

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Area of Science:

  • Marine biology
  • Coastal ecology
  • Geomorphology

Background:

  • Habitat structural complexity is crucial for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning across biomes.
  • Coastal development and artificial shorelines alter natural landscapes, impacting ecological processes.
  • Artificial structures are increasingly used for coastal protection and socio-economic benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the deficit in structural complexity of artificial coastal structures compared to natural rocky shorelines.
  • To assess how this deficit varies across different spatial scales (1 mm to 10s of m).
  • To evaluate the impact of different artificial structure types (seawalls, rock armour) on complexity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized three remote sensing platforms: handheld camera, terrestrial laser scanner, and uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs).
  • Compared structural complexity measurements from artificial shorelines with those from natural rocky shorelines.
  • Analyzed complexity across a range of spatial scales to identify scale-dependent differences.

Main Results:

  • Natural shorelines exhibited significantly higher structural complexity and greater variation than artificial ones.
  • Seawalls showed a consistent complexity deficit of approximately 20-40% across all measured scales.
  • Rock armour structures had complexity deficits of approximately 20-50% at the smallest and largest scales.

Conclusions:

  • Artificial coastal structures, particularly seawalls, simplify coastlines at scales relevant to organisms.
  • The structural complexity of artificial shorelines is scale-dependent and varies by structure type.
  • Modifying artificial structures to mimic natural complexity is essential for supporting coastal biodiversity and ecosystem function.