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The heart rate, or pulse rate, is a vital indicator of cardiovascular health. It reflects the number of times the heart beats per minute. Various physiological and environmental factors influence heart rate, increasing or decreasing cardiac output. Understanding these factors is crucial for assessing heart function and identifying potential health issues.
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Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions
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Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions

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Mobile Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback as a Complementary Intervention After Myocardial Infarction: a Randomized

Anja Limmer1,2, Martin Laser2, Astrid Schütz3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.

International Journal of Behavioral Medicine
|May 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Mobile biofeedback training (HRV-BF) improved heart rate variability (HRV) and self-efficacy in post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients. This feasible, adjunctive treatment offers a promising approach to enhance cardiovascular risk reduction and psychological resilience.

Keywords:
Heart rate variability biofeedbackMyocardial infarctionRisk factorsSecondary preventionSelf-efficacy

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular disease prevention
  • Behavioral medicine
  • Digital health interventions

Background:

  • Effective secondary prevention programs are crucial for patients post-myocardial infarction (MI).
  • Mobile biofeedback training (HRV-BF) is explored as a novel intervention to improve outcomes.
  • Trial registration predates CONSORT guidelines for social and psychological interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the effects of mobile heart rate variability biofeedback training (HRV-BF) on post-MI patients.
  • To determine the feasibility of self-guided HRV-BF in this population.
  • To evaluate improvements in heart rate variability (HRV) and psychological well-being.

Main Methods:

  • Forty-six outpatients with documented MI were randomized to HRV-BF or usual care.
  • Intervention involved 12 weeks of mobile biofeedback training.
  • Generalized estimating equation (GEE) analyses assessed changes in short- and long-time HRV (SDNN) and well-being.

Main Results:

  • Significant intervention effects observed for short-time HRV (d > 0.4, p < 0.04).
  • HRV-BF group showed improved high-frequency HRV (group × time interaction: β = 0.59, p = 0.04) and SDNN (p = 0.002) with optimal adherence.
  • Increased self-efficacy noted; no adverse effects or improvements in long-time HRV measures.

Conclusions:

  • Self-guided HRV-BF is feasible for most post-MI patients.
  • HRV-BF as adjunctive therapy enhances HRV, indicating reduced cardiovascular risk.
  • Increased self-efficacy suggests improved psychological resilience; larger studies needed for confirmation.