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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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Such genes that act...
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 5, 2025

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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Oncocytic Change in Thyroid Pathology.

Sylvia L Asa1,2,3, Ozgur Mete3,4

  • 1Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|May 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oncocytes, or oxyphils, are cells with abundant mitochondria. This review clarifies the diagnosis and classification of oncocytic thyroid lesions, emphasizing their unique morphology and molecular alterations for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Hürthle cellimmunohistochemistrymolecularneoplasiaoncocytesthyroid

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pathology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Oncocytes, characterized by abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm rich in mitochondria, are also known as oxyphils.
  • In thyroid pathology, they are sometimes misnamed Hürthle cells; the term "oncocyte" is proposed as a scientifically accurate designation.
  • Oncocytic change is observed across various thyroid conditions, including benign and malignant tumors, C cell tumors, parathyroid proliferations, and metastatic lesions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the spectrum of oncocytic thyroid pathology, highlighting diagnostic challenges.
  • To discuss the morphologic and molecular features of oncocytic thyroid tumors.
  • To emphasize the need for accurate classification and investigation of these lesions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on oncocytic thyroid lesions.
  • Analysis of morphologic features, including cell characteristics, architecture, atypia, and high-grade features.
  • Examination of molecular alterations, including mitochondrial DNA mutations and chromosomal changes.

Main Results:

  • Oncocytic thyroid tumors share similarities with non-oncocytic counterparts but exhibit distinct cytologic features like eosinophilic cytoplasm and prominent nucleoli.
  • Molecular alterations in oncocytic tumors include mitochondrial DNA mutations and chromosomal aberrations.
  • Classification is complicated by mixed oncocytic and non-oncocytic components and arbitrary percentage cut-offs.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of oncocytic thyroid lesions relies on recognizing the cell of origin, morphologic features, and molecular alterations.
  • The classification scheme for oncocytic thyroid tumors requires refinement due to complexities in defining oncocytic variants.
  • Further investigation is crucial for clarifying diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction in patients with oncocytic thyroid lesions.