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Related Concept Videos

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis01:29

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

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Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
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Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Reabsorption01:22

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During the process of renal excretion, as the glomerular filtrate progresses to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), drugs that are highly permeable, lipophilic, and nonionized undergo passive reabsorption from the tubular fluid into the surrounding peritubular capillaries. This reabsorption process restricts their elimination through the kidneys. However, the majority of drugs are either weak acids or weak bases, and their ionization level is dependent on pH. By altering the pH of urine, the...
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Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:27

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Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
107
Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test01:26

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test

269
A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
269
One-Compartment Open Model: Urinary Excretion Data and Determination of k01:11

One-Compartment Open Model: Urinary Excretion Data and Determination of k

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The one-compartment open model leverages urinary excretion data to estimate renal clearance, which gauges the kidney's capacity to expel a drug. This method offers several benefits, including directly measuring drug elimination and assessing the kidney's contribution to overall drug clearance. However, this approach has limitations. It assumes sole renal excretion of the drug, which is not true for all drugs. Accurate urinary excretion and plasma drug concentration measurement can also...
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High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
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Matrix Normalization Techniques for Definitive Urine Drug Testing.

Thomas G Rosano1,2, John M Rumberger1, Michelle Wood3

  • 1National Toxicology Center, Center for Medical Science, 150 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology
|May 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Stable isotope-labeled internal standardization (SIL-IS) and threshold accurate calibration (TAC) methods effectively normalize urine matrix effects for drug quantitation. Analyte-specific SIL-IS (ASIL-IS) and TAC methods show reliable performance, unlike shared SIL-IS (SSIL-IS).

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Forensic Toxicology
  • Mass Spectrometry

Background:

  • Urine matrix effects can significantly impact the accuracy of drug quantitation using ultra performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS).
  • Matrix normalization is crucial for reliable analytical performance in complex biological samples.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the analytical performance of stable isotope-labeled internal standardization (SIL-IS) and threshold accurate calibration (TAC) methods for urine matrix normalization.
  • To evaluate two SIL-IS approaches: analyte-specific (ASIL-IS) and shared (SSIL-IS) internal standardization.

Main Methods:

  • UPLC-MS-MS analysis of 51 drugs and metabolites in 338 urine samples.
  • Comparison of TAC, ASIL-IS, and SSIL-IS methods for precision, accuracy, calibration, and quantitation in casework.
  • Evaluation of inter-specimen matrix effect variance.

Main Results:

  • TAC and ASIL-IS methods demonstrated acceptable quantitative accuracy and precision, with close agreement in casework.
  • The SSIL-IS method exhibited significant imprecision (%RSD 20-60%) and bias (up to 87%) due to differential matrix effects.
  • All methods achieved acceptable calibration and quality control when calibrators/controls matched the urine matrix pool.

Conclusions:

  • Analyte-specific SIL-IS (ASIL-IS) and TAC are effective matrix normalization strategies for UPLC-MS-MS drug quantitation in urine.
  • Shared SIL-IS (SSIL-IS) is susceptible to matrix-caused bias and is not recommended for this application.
  • The study highlights the importance of appropriate internal standardization selection for accurate bioanalytical results.