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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Retroviruses02:33

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model
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Reflections on 40 Years of AIDS.

Kevin M De Cock, Harold W Jaffe, James W Curran

    Emerging Infectious Diseases
    |May 20, 2021
    PubMed
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    The fight against Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) continues 40 years after its discovery. Despite progress, new pandemics highlight the need for integrated global health security and pandemic preparedness, learning from the HIV/AIDS response.

    Keywords:
    AIDSCOVID-19EbolaHIVHIV/AIDSSDGsacquired immune deficiency syndromecoronavirus diseaseforty yearshealth securityhistoryhuman immunodeficiency virus

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    Area of Science:

    • Global Health Security
    • Epidemiology
    • Infectious Disease Preparedness

    Background:

    • June 2021 marks the 40th anniversary of the first description of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
    • Previous priorities included improving interventions, optimizing HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy, research, and response sustainability.
    • Despite progress, the end of AIDS is not yet in sight, with other major epidemics like Ebola, arboviruses, and COVID-19 emerging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To reflect on the 40-year response to AIDS.
    • To contextualize the HIV/AIDS response as a benchmark for global health interventions.
    • To emphasize the need for enhanced pandemic preparedness in the fifth decade of AIDS.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of historical milestones in the AIDS epidemic response.
    • Comparative analysis of global health interventions, using the HIV/AIDS response as a benchmark.
    • Identification of lessons learned from HIV/AIDS and Ebola for the COVID-19 response.

    Main Results:

    • The end of AIDS is not in sight despite scientific and programmatic advancements.
    • The HIV/AIDS response provides a model for global funding, coordination, and solidarity.
    • Lessons from past epidemics are crucial for current and future pandemic responses.

    Conclusions:

    • The fifth decade of AIDS must integrate HIV/AIDS strategies within a broader framework of pandemic preparedness.
    • Enhanced capacity to respond to transnational health threats is essential.
    • Learning from the HIV/AIDS response is critical for addressing future pandemics.