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Related Concept Videos

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Sampling is a crucial step in analytical chemistry, allowing researchers to collect representative data from a large population. Common sampling methods include random, judgmental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs
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Sampling Methods and Risk Stratification Regarding Environmental Contamination by SARS-CoV-2.

Marta Mendes1, Ana Andrade Oliveira1, Olga Pires1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine. Hospital of Braga. Braga. Portugal.

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|May 20, 2021
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Sterile premoistened swabs are effective for detecting SARS-CoV-2 surface contamination. Environmental contamination risk increases with proximity to patients, especially those on non-invasive ventilation.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Environmental Microbiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • COVID-19 transmission via droplets is known, but aerosol and surface contamination require further investigation.
  • Limited and inconsistent literature exists on viable virus particle distance and surface swabbing methods.
  • Understanding environmental contamination is crucial for infection control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the most sensitive method for assessing surface contamination.
  • To categorize environmental contamination risk zones based on proximity to patients.
  • To compare surface contamination levels between different oxygenation and ventilation support methods.

Main Methods:

  • Collected swabs from surfaces in a COVID-19 ward with patients receiving various respiratory supports.
  • Compared three different swab types to determine the most sensitive collection method.
  • Defined risk zones based on distance from the infected patient.

Main Results:

  • 17 out of 63 (27%) swabs tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.
  • The highest positivity rate (48%) was found in high-risk zones, one meter from the patient.
  • Rooms of patients on non-invasive ventilation (45%) and high-flow nasal cannula (27%) showed significant bedroom contamination.

Conclusions:

  • Sterile premoistened swabs without transport medium are favored for surface contamination assessment.
  • Risk zones should be classified based on patient distance, with higher risk closer to the patient.
  • Ventilatory support strategies significantly influence surface contamination, likely due to increased particle dispersion.