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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

Binocular vision disorders in a geriatric population.

Hassan Hashemi¹, Payam Nabovati², Abbas Ali Yekta^3,4

¹Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran.

Clinical & Experimental Optometry

|May 21, 2021

Summary

Binocular vision disorders are common in older adults, with exo deviations being more prevalent than eso deviations. This epidemiological data aids clinicians in diagnosing and managing vision issues in the geriatric population.

Keywords:

Binocular disorders Population-based study geriatric heterophoria strabismus suppression

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Last Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Geriatric Medicine
Epidemiology

Background:

Binocular vision disorders are increasingly recognized in the geriatric population.
Understanding the prevalence of these disorders is crucial for effective clinical management and diagnostic strategies in elderly patients.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the prevalence of binocular vision disorders in individuals aged 60 and above.
To investigate the association of these disorders with age and sex in the geriatric population.

Main Methods:

A population-based cross-sectional study, the Tehran Geriatric Eye Study (TGES), was conducted.
Random stratified cluster sampling included 2,227 participants aged 60+ in Tehran, Iran.
Ocular examinations included visual acuity, refraction, cover tests, and the Worth 4-dot test, with specific definitions for strabismus and phorias.

Main Results:

The prevalence of distance exophoria was 8.9%, and near exophoria was 32.4%.
The prevalence of distance exotropia was 1.3%, and near exotropia was 4.6%.
Esophoria and esotropia were less prevalent, with near exophoria being the most common disorder.

Conclusions:

Non-strabismic binocular vision disorders are prevalent in the elderly population.
Exo deviations (exophoria and exotropia) were found to be more common than eso deviations (esophoria and esotropia).