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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients
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Does cognitive decline/dementia increase Delirium risk after stroke?

Guanfu Ding1,2,3, Shunde Hua1,2,3, Jinming Chen1,2,3

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.

Psychogeriatrics : the Official Journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society
|May 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cognitive decline or dementia significantly increases the risk of delirium in stroke patients. This finding suggests that pre-existing cognitive issues are a key predictor for post-stroke delirium development.

Keywords:
cognitive declinedeliriumdementiameta-analysisstroke.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Gerontology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Delirium is a frequent cause of mortality and increased hospital costs in stroke patients.
  • Existing research on the link between cognitive decline/dementia and post-stroke delirium yields inconsistent findings.
  • This meta-analysis aims to clarify the association between cognitive decline/dementia and delirium risk after acute stroke.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if cognitive decline or dementia is associated with an increased risk of delirium in patients who have experienced an acute stroke.
  • To synthesize evidence from multiple observational studies to provide a robust estimate of this association.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Web of Science up to September 2020.
  • Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using fixed or random effects models.
  • Study heterogeneity was assessed using the I-squared (I²) index.

Main Results:

  • The meta-analysis included 13 studies with 3183 participants, examining the link between cognitive decline/dementia and post-stroke delirium.
  • Cognitive decline/dementia was significantly associated with a higher susceptibility to delirium in post-stroke patients (OR = 3.70, 95% CI: 2.90-4.71, P < 0.001).
  • Subgroup analyses confirmed this association across different ethnicities, sample sizes, and study publication periods.

Conclusions:

  • A significant association exists between cognitive decline/dementia and the risk of developing delirium after stroke.
  • Cognitive decline/dementia emerges as a potential predictive marker for delirium in the post-stroke population.