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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Antiviral Strategies Through Novel Immunocapture and Mass Spectrometry Techniques
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Viral pores are everywhere.

Manish Kumar1, Nihal Altan-Bonnet1

  • 1Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Molecular Cell
|May 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Chikungunya virus replication proteins form a crown-like structure to control viral RNA export. This finding, revealed by cryo-electron microscopy, explains a key step in virus replication.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Structural Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes significant human disease.
  • Understanding CHIKV replication mechanisms is crucial for antiviral development.
  • Viral RNA export from replication organelles is a key step in the CHIKV life cycle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the structural basis of CHIKV RNA export.
  • To identify the protein complexes involved in gating viral RNA from replication organelles.

Main Methods:

  • Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) was used to determine the structure.
  • Biochemical and virological assays were employed to validate the findings.

Main Results:

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  • A membrane-associated CHIKV replication protein forms an oligomeric, crown-like structure.
  • This structure acts as a gate, controlling the export of newly synthesized viral RNA.
  • The findings provide atomic-level insights into the CHIKV replication machinery.

    • Conclusions:

    • The identified protein structure is essential for CHIKV propagation.
    • Targeting this structure could lead to novel antiviral strategies against CHIKV.
    • This work advances our understanding of viral RNA trafficking.