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Gastrulation

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Combining Human Organoids and Organ-on-a-Chip Technology to Model Intestinal Region-Specific Functionality

Combining Human Organoids and Organ-on-a-Chip Technology to Model Intestinal Region-Specific Functionality

Published on: May 5, 2022

Charting human development using a multi-endodermal organ atlas and organoid models.

Qianhui Yu¹, Umut Kilik², Emily M Holloway³

¹Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.

|May 21, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study maps human organ development using a single-cell atlas, revealing key interactions and transcription factors. It validates human pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoids (HIOs) and identifies NRG1 and CDX2 roles in organogenesis.

Keywords:

CDX2 NRG1 human endoderm development intestinal organoids mesenchyme heterogeneity multi-organ cell atlas single-cell transcriptomics

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Published on: January 23, 2018

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Genomics
Stem Cell Biology

Background:

Organ development involves dynamic cell state transitions.
Understanding human organogenesis requires detailed cellular and molecular insights.

Purpose of the Study:

To create a single-cell transcriptome atlas of developing human endodermal organs.
To benchmark human pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoids (HIOs) against developmental atlases.
To identify molecular mechanisms regulating human organ development and stem cell maturation.

Main Methods:

Generation of a single-cell transcriptome atlas from multiple developing human endodermal organs.
Analysis of cell states, transcription factors, and cell-cell interactions.
Benchmarking of human pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoids (HIOs) using the atlas.
In vitro studies on the effects of niche cues and transcription factors.

Main Results:

The atlas reveals diverse cell states and interactions during human organogenesis.
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoids (HIOs) successfully recapitulate developmental cell states.
The mesenchyme-derived factor NRG1 promotes intestinal stem cell maturation in vitro.
The transcription factor CDX2 is essential for human intestinal epithelial and mesenchymal regionalization.

Conclusions:

A comprehensive atlas aids in understanding human organ development.
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoids (HIOs) are valuable models for studying organogenesis.
Niche signals and transcription factors like NRG1 and CDX2 play critical roles in orchestrating human organ development.