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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Demonstration of the Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility Tool for Rapid Assessment of Protein Conservation
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µ-Crystallin: A thyroid hormone binding protein.

Christian J Kinney1, Robert J Bloch1

  • 1Department of Physiology School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201.

Endocrine Regulations
|May 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mu-crystallin (CRYM) is a protein that binds thyroid hormones and regulates metabolism. Its varied expression impacts muscle and fat, influencing energy utilization and disease risk.

Keywords:
CRYMT3T4ketimine reductasemu-crystallinthyroid hormoneµ-Crystallin

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Mu-crystallin (CRYM) is a NADPH-regulated protein that binds thyroid hormones, influencing metabolism and thermogenesis.
  • CRYM functions as a ketimine reductase in lysine degradation when not bound to thyroid hormones.
  • Aberrant CRYM expression is linked to various diseases, including non-syndromic deafness, psychiatric, neuromuscular, and inflammatory conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the history, attributes, functions, and associated diseases of CRYM.
  • To highlight CRYM's role as a key modulator of metabolism.
  • To discuss the implications of CRYM's variable expression in human tissues, particularly skeletal muscle.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on CRYM.
  • Analysis of gene expression data and murine models.
  • Examination of protein function and metabolic pathways.

Main Results:

  • CRYM's dual role as a thyroid hormone binder and ketimine reductase is detailed.
  • High variability in human skeletal muscle CRYM expression (15% express ≥13 fold higher mRNA) is noted.
  • Murine models show CRYM ablation leads to muscle hypertrophy and increased fat mass on a high-fat diet, while overexpression shifts energy utilization towards fat catabolism.

Conclusions:

  • CRYM is a significant regulator of energy metabolism, impacting both muscle and fat.
  • Variations in CRYM expression have profound physiological consequences and disease associations.
  • Further research into CRYM's complex roles is warranted for therapeutic development.