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Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.
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The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
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Dissociative amnesia is a complex psychological condition that manifests as an inability to recall personal information, often tied to traumatic or stressful events. Unlike general amnesia, individuals with this condition retain the ability to perform routine activities and procedural tasks, such as operating a phone or navigating public transportation, yet experience profound gaps in autobiographical memory. These lapses may encompass significant life events, such as suicide attempts or...
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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is a cognitive experience characterized by a temporary inability to retrieve specific information from memory despite having a strong feeling of knowing the information. Although individuals cannot access the target word or detail, they frequently recall related elements, such as its initial letter, syllable count, or context. This partial retrieval often causes frustration, as one might recognize a familiar face or know that a name starts with a specific...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Investigations on Alterations of Hippocampal Circuit Function Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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Impaired semantic memory during acute transient global amnesia.

Vesile Sandikci1, Anne Ebert1, Carolin Hoyer1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim and Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.

Journal of Neuropsychology
|May 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Transient global amnesia (TGA) temporarily impairs memory. This study found semantic memory retrieval deficits during acute TGA, suggesting the hippocampus is crucial for accessing general knowledge.

Keywords:
semantic memorytransient global amnesiaverbal fluency

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical model for studying hippocampal function.
  • Episodic memory deficits are well-documented in TGA, but semantic memory involvement remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate semantic memory performance in patients experiencing acute transient global amnesia.
  • To determine the role of the hippocampus in semantic retrieval.

Main Methods:

  • Semantic fluency tasks were administered to 16 TGA patients during the acute phase.
  • Patient performance was compared to their own performance one day later and to 20 healthy controls.
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used to confirm hippocampal lesions in TGA patients.

Main Results:

  • TGA patients showed significantly impaired semantic fluency during the acute phase.
  • Performance improved one day after the TGA episode.
  • Healthy subjects performed significantly better than TGA patients during the acute phase.

Conclusions:

  • The hippocampus is involved in semantic retrieval, not just episodic memory.
  • Semantic fluency deficits are a feature of acute transient global amnesia.
  • These findings contribute to understanding hippocampal function in memory retrieval.