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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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COVID-19: A Potential Trigger for Thyroid Dysfunction.

Sohaib Ashraf1, Muhammad Ahmad Imran2, Shoaib Ashraf3

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Shaikh Zayed Post-Graduate Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
|May 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is a viral thyroid condition. This case report details SAT in a COVID-19 patient, highlighting SARS-CoV-2 as a potential trigger and successful treatment with prednisolone.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS CoV-2Subacute thyroiditis

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Virology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is a transient thyroid dysfunction, often viral.
  • The association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and SAT remains under-investigated.

Observation:

  • A 58-year-old presented with a painful, tender, and warm thyroid gland post-COVID-19.
  • Thyroid function tests showed elevated free thyroxine (FT4), suppressed TSH, and normal free triiodothyronine (FT3).

Findings:

  • The patient's symptoms and laboratory results were consistent with subacute thyroiditis.
  • The thyroid dysfunction appeared to be triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Implications:

  • This case suggests SARS-CoV-2 can be a potential trigger for subacute thyroiditis.
  • Early diagnosis and management with corticosteroids like prednisolone led to complete recovery within three weeks.