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Thinking outside the cavity: Effusion lymphoma primary to bone marrow.

Sean X Gu1, Zenggang Pan2, Mina L Xu1,2

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA.

Clinical Case Reports
|May 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This case highlights a rare and aggressive AIDS-related lymphoproliferative disorder. Recognizing primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) beyond typical locations is crucial for patient care.

Keywords:
AIDS‐related lymphomaextracavitaryprimary effusion lymphoma

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) can manifest with various lymphoproliferative disorders.
  • Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and often seen in advanced HIV infection.
  • PEL typically presents as effusions in body cavities, making extralymphatic presentations less common but diagnostically challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a case of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) presenting outside of typical cavitary locations in an individual with AIDS.
  • To emphasize the diagnostic difficulties and clinical importance of identifying rare presentations of PEL.
  • To contribute to the understanding of the spectrum of AIDS-related lymphoproliferative disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Case report detailing clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and histopathological findings.
  • Review of relevant literature on primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and AIDS-related lymphomas.
  • Discussion of diagnostic challenges and management considerations.

Main Results:

  • The case presented a rare extralymphatic manifestation of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL).
  • Recognition of PEL was challenging due to its atypical location, deviating from classic cavitary effusions.
  • The findings underscore the heterogeneity of PEL presentation in the context of advanced HIV.

Conclusions:

  • Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) can present aggressively outside of typical body cavities in patients with AIDS.
  • Increased awareness and vigilance are necessary to diagnose rare PEL presentations.
  • Accurate and timely diagnosis of PEL is critical for appropriate management and improved outcomes in immunocompromised individuals.