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Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...
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Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

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Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
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Polytene Chromosomes02:04

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

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Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
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Monohybrid Crosses01:20

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Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton
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Parallel and Intertwining Threads of Domestication in Allopolyploid Cotton.

Daojun Yuan1,2, Corrinne E Grover1, Guanjing Hu1

  • 1Department of Ecology Evolution, and Organismal Biology (EEOB) Bessey Hall Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|May 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Two cotton species, Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense, underwent parallel domestication from wild plants to crops. This study reveals their origins, genetic diversity, and introgression, offering insights for crop improvement.

Keywords:
domesticationgenome evolutionintrogressionselective sweepswhole genome resequencing

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Agricultural science

Background:

  • Cultivated cottons Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense show parallel domestication.
  • Domestication involved significant morphological changes from wild perennials to annual crops.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To resolve species relationships and understand parallel domestication of cotton.
  • To analyze genetic diversity, bottlenecks, and introgression in cotton species.
  • To identify genomic regions and genes targeted during domestication.

Main Methods:

  • Deep resequencing of 643 cotton accessions across the wild-to-domesticated continuum.
  • Phylogenomic analysis of infraspecific relationships.
  • Diversity scans and analysis of genome-wide introgression.

Main Results:

  • Wild G. hirsutum and G. barbadense were domesticated in the Yucatan Peninsula and NW South America, respectively.
  • Domestication and spread occurred over 4000-8000 years across American tropics.
  • Pervasive bidirectional introgression between species was observed, with subgenomic asymmetries.
  • Genomic regions and genes targeted during domestication were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Provides a comprehensive view of cotton origin, divergence, and adaptation.
  • Highlights parallel domestication and introgression as key evolutionary processes in cotton.
  • Serves as a valuable resource for future cotton breeding and improvement.