Current State of Personalized Genitourinary Cancer Radiotherapy in the Era of Precision Medicine

Radiation therapy plays a crucial role for the management of genitourinary malignancies, with technological advancements that have led to improvements in outcomes and decrease in treatment toxicities. However, better risk-stratification and identification of patients for appropriate treatments is necessary. Recent advancements in imaging and novel genomic techniques can provide additional individualized tumor and patient information to further inform and guide treatment decisions for genitourinary cancer patients. In addition, the development and use of targeted molecular therapies based on tumor biology can result in individualized treatment recommendations. In this review, we discuss the advances in precision oncology techniques along with current applications for personalized genitourinary cancer management. We also highlight the opportunities and challenges when applying precision medicine principles to the field of radiation oncology. The identification, development and validation of biomarkers has the potential to personalize radiation therapy for genitourinary malignancies so that we may improve treatment outcomes, decrease radiation-specific toxicities, and lead to better long-term quality of life for GU cancer survivors.