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Development of the Heart01:27

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The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues
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Epigenetics and Heart Development.

Rajani M George1, Anthony B Firulli1

  • 1Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research Department of Pediatrics, Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|May 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic factors regulate gene expression in heart development and disease. Understanding these mechanisms, including DNA accessibility and transcription factor roles, is crucial for addressing congenital heart conditions.

Keywords:
CTCFTADscardiac developmentepigeneticsheart

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is critical for cardiac development and disease.
  • Recent advances in experimental techniques have identified key chromatin structures involved in gene regulation.
  • Changes in transcription factor binding due to altered chromatin accessibility are linked to congenital heart disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding epigenetic factors controlling cardiac morphogenesis.
  • To explore the role of these epigenetic factors in cardiac diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental methods including DNA accessibility assays, transcription factor occupancy studies, and chromatin conformation capture.
  • Analysis of recent literature on epigenetic mechanisms in cardiac development and disease.

Main Results:

  • Identification of chromatin structures that regulate transcription factor access to gene promoters.
  • Demonstration of enhancer-promoter interactions across large genomic distances.
  • Implication of altered transcription factor occupancy in congenital heart disease.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms play a significant role in cardiac development and disease.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the specific factors controlling these epigenetic processes and their precise roles in gene expression changes during development and disease.