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Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Perception is a fundamental psychological process that enables individuals to organize, interpret, and consciously experience sensory information. This process is crucial for understanding and interacting with the world around us. It includes both bottom-up and top-down processing, each playing a distinct role in how we perceive our environment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Predictive action perception from explicit intention information in autism.

Matthew Hudson1,2, Toby Nicholson3, Anna Kharko3

  • 1Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK. matthew.hudson@ncirl.ie.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|May 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show altered perception. Their sensory processing relies on explicit intention cues, not inferred ones from actions, impacting social interaction.

Keywords:
Action predictionAutism spectrum disorderImplicit/explicit mentalizingPredictive codingRepresentational momentum

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Social difficulties in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are linked to sensory processing differences.
  • Reduced top-down modulation may impair spontaneous intention attribution in ASD.
  • The impact of abstract intention information on perception in ASD is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how explicit intention information influences perceptual processes in individuals with ASD.
  • To compare perceptual biases in ASD and neurotypical (NT) groups when processing actions with explicit intentions.

Main Methods:

  • Participants (ASD and NT) observed a hand action (reaching or withdrawing).
  • Explicit intention cues ('Take it'/'Leave it') were provided before the action.
  • Participants reported the perceived final position of the hand after it disappeared mid-action.

Main Results:

  • Neurotypical participants showed predictive biases based on both action direction and explicit intentions.
  • Autism spectrum disorder participants exhibited predictive perceptual biases solely based on explicit intentions, not action motion.
  • Perception in ASD is modulated by explicit, but not inferred, intention information.

Conclusions:

  • Perception in autism spectrum disorder is not immune to top-down modulation.
  • Explicitly presented intention information, independent of the stimulus, influences perception in ASD.
  • Findings suggest a distinct mechanism for processing intention-related information in ASD.