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Related Concept Videos

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International Nursing Organizations II

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The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations based in Geneva. The WHO has many initiatives that center around health. Primarily, they lead global efforts to expand universal health coverage using science-based policies and programs. They are also responsible for shaping health research agendas and developing norms and standards.
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets
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[CORONA VIRUS, BREASTFEEDING AND GUIDELINES - A WORLDWIDE REVIEW].

Moran Friedman1,2, Noa Gur Arieh3, Ady Orbach4

  • 1CLALIT Health Services, Haifa and Western Galilee District, Israel.

Harefuah
|May 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Breastfeeding is crucial for infant and maternal health, even during the COVID-19 pandemic. This review examines global guidelines on breastfeeding amidst the pandemic, emphasizing risk-benefit analysis and research needs.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic presents significant challenges to public health systems globally.
  • Breastfeeding is recognized for its critical role in infant and maternal health, reducing morbidity like respiratory infections.
  • Uncertainty during the pandemic may lead to guidelines that do not fully consider individual risk-benefit ratios.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize international guidelines on breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • To propose evidence-based recommendations for breastfeeding practices in the context of the pandemic.
  • To highlight the need for further research on breastfeeding during coronavirus outbreaks.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of guidelines from leading international professional medical associations.
  • Analysis of existing scientific evidence on breastfeeding and viral pandemics.
  • Evaluation of risk-benefit ratios for breastfeeding mothers and infants during COVID-19.

Main Results:

  • Guidelines from various professional bodies regarding breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic were compiled and analyzed.
  • The importance of breastfeeding for infant and maternal health outcomes, including reduced morbidity, was reaffirmed.
  • Potential risks and benefits of breastfeeding in the context of the pandemic were weighed.

Conclusions:

  • Continued breastfeeding is recommended during the COVID-19 pandemic, supported by major health organizations.
  • Guidelines should balance the benefits of breastfeeding with potential risks, informed by evolving evidence.
  • Further research is essential to refine recommendations and address knowledge gaps concerning breastfeeding and COVID-19.