Plastid Transformation of Sporelings from the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L

We describe a simple and efficient plastid transformation method for the liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha L. Use of rapidly proliferating cells such as sporelings, which are immature thalli developing from spores, as targets made plastid transformation by particle bombardment efficient. Selection on a sucrose-free medium and linearization of the transformation vector significantly improved the recovery rate of plastid transformants. With the method described here, a few plastid transformants are obtained from a single bombardment of sporelings. Homoplasmic transformants of thalli are obtained immediately after primary selection.